Question:
In children with a minimally angulated greenstick or transverse fracture of the distal part of the radius, is a prefabricated wrist splint at least as effective as a fiberglass cast in the recovery of physical function?
Design:
Randomized (allocation concealed), blinded (outcome assessors), controlled noninferiority trial with a 6-week follow-up.
Setting:
A tertiary care children's hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Patients:
100 children who were 5 to 12 years of age, skeletally immature, and presented to the emergency department with a minimally angulated or minimally displaced acute greenstick or transverse fracture of the distal part of the radius. Exclusion criteria were injuries older than five days; a buckle, growth-plate, or open fracture; risk for pathologic fractures; congenital anomalies of the wrist; coagulopathies; multisystem trauma or multiple injuries to the same arm; or developmental delay. 96 children (mean age, 9.3 years; 66% boys) were appropriately diagnosed and received a splint or a cast; 92 children (92%) completed follow-up.
Intervention:
Patients were allocated to a prefabricated wrist splint (W-312 Pediatric Thermoplastic Wrist Support; Benik, Silverdale, Washington) (n = 46) or a fiberglass cast (n = 50). The devices were worn for 4 weeks, and patients were advised to avoid injury-inducing activities for a further 2 weeks.
Main outcome measures:
The primary outcome was physical function at 6 weeks as measured with use of the performance section of the Activities Scale for Kids (ASK), a questionnaire with 30 questions related to daily activities and 8 additional questions relating specifically to wrist function (maximum 100 points, with higher scores indicating better outcome). Secondary outcomes included fracture angulation, wrist pain (assessed by the Faces Pain Scale–Revised, score range, 0 [no pain] to 5 [worst pain]), range of motion, and grip strength.
Main results:
Analysis was by intention to treat. Testing the null hypothesis that the splint was less effective than the cast by ≥7 points on the ASK at 6 weeks required a minimum sample of 76 patients. The study had 80% probability of rejecting the null hypothesis if the splint and cast were equally effective. The difference in ASK scores at 6 weeks between the splint and cast groups was <7 points, thus rejecting the null hypothesis that the splint was less effective than the cast (p < 0.001) (Table). The groups did not differ for any secondary outcomes (Table).
Conclusion:
In children with a minimally angulated greenstick or transverse fracture of the distal part of the radius, a prefabricated wrist splint was as effective as a fiberglass cast for recovery of physical function.
University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
The study by Boutis et al. provides useful information that will improve the care of a common injury of childhood. Several previous randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that splints are as effective as casts for distal radial torus fractures1-3. This study is the first to compare splints with casts for treatment of minimally angulated and complete fractures of the distal part of the radius. Prefabricated splints were as effective as casts for management of these injuries.
The primary outcome measure was recovery of physical function. No differences in final angulation were reported, although three patients in each group developed acceptable angulation of 25°. The authors did not indicate the status of the ulna in association with the fracture of the radius. Complete or incomplete fractures of the ulna may influence stability for some patients in each group. It should also be noted that the model of prefabricated splint that was used can be molded with some flexion of the wrist, and the exact position of the wrist was not described for the splint or cast groups.
Despite these considerations, this study clearly indicates that splint management leads to satisfactory outcomes for minimally angulated fractures of the distal part of the radius in children who are 5 to 12 years of age. Following proper identification of fracture type, primary-care and emergency-medicine physicians should be able to successfully splint and manage simple fractures of the distal part of the radius that have minor degrees of angulation.
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JJ;
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L. A randomized, controlled trial of removable splinting versus casting for wrist buckle fractures in children. Pediatrics.
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Davidson
JS;
Brown
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CE. Simple treatment for torus fractures of the distal radius. J Bone Joint Surg Br.
2001;83:1173-5.
[CrossRef]
Oakley
EA;
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PL. A randomized controlled trial of 2 methods of immobilizing torus fractures of the distal forearm. Pediatr Emerg Care.
2008;24:65-70.
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