Optoelectronic sensors were attached to the tibia, talus, navicular, cuboid, and calcaneus. Each sensor was anchored. The specimen was mounted on a table in an upside-down position beneath the Novel Pliance sensor array, which was affixed to an acrylic plate connected to the robotic arm. For all test conditions, an axial load of 400 N was applied while the Achilles tendon was pulled with a force of 310 N. The arrow indicates the direction of loading by the robotic arm.

Complication rates with use of a modification of the classification system proposed by Glazebrook et al.³³ for total ankle replacement. *Other refers to three cases of tarsal tunnel syndrome. ^∧Technical error refers to one case of partial transection of the tibial nerve. ^∧∧Medical complication represents a patient who developed bilateral pulmonary emboli. Intra-Op = intraoperative, and Post-Op = postoperative.

A fresh osteochondral allograft is harvested from a donor talus matched to the size and radius of curvature of the native articular surface (left). The graft is then transplanted into the prepared talus and is typically secured using two bioabsorbable screws (right).

Gastrocnemius recession with the Strayer procedure (Fig. 1-A) and the modified Strayer procedure, which combines distal gastrocnemius recession with soleal fascial lengthening (S.F.L.) (Fig. 1-B). Both are Zone-1 procedures. Recurrent equinus was managed with lengthening of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex fascia, according to the method described by Vulpius and Stoffel³⁴ (Zone-2 procedure) (Fig. 1-C).

The Foot Health Thermometer.

Distribution of the periprosthetic fractures in the study population. TAR = total ankle replacement.

Flowchart showing the progress of the cohort and the number of patients available at latest follow-up evaluation.

Clinical photograph of first metatarsophalangeal joint illustrating advanced hallux rigidus with degeneration of >50% of the articular cartilage, substantial osteophyte formation, and joint space narrowing.

Flowchart showing the inclusion and exclusion of patients. The values in parentheses indicate the number of patients. OCD = osteochondral defect.

Patient flowchart.