Diagram of a normal ulnar collateral ligament complex (view of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint from the ulnar side). pUCL = proper ulnar collateral ligament and aUCL = accessory ulnar collateral ligament.

Sagittal STIR image of the wrist showing widening of the distal radial physis (arrow) and diffuse marrow edema in the distal radial metaphysis, compatible with epiphysiolysis (“gymnast’s wrist”).

Schematic illustration of the direct coaptation of the contralateral C7 nerve with the lower trunk (performed in all of the patients in this series) and the transfer of the contralateral C7 nerve to the musculocutaneous nerve through the bridging medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (performed in some patients). 1 = contralateral C7 nerve root, 2 = lower trunk, 3 = medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, 4 = ulnar nerve, 5 = median nerve, 6 = lateral cord of median nerve, 7 = medial cord of median nerve, 8 = musculocutaneous nerve, 9 = lateral cord, 10 = posterior cord, 11 = radial nerve, 12 = axillary nerve, 13 = posterior division of lower trunk, 14 = C8 nerve root, and 15 = T1 nerve root.

Diagram displaying the protocol for study 1. SSC = skeletal stem cells.

The mean differences in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone microarchitecture between the fracture and control groups. FN = femoral neck, UD = ultradistal, Trab = trabecular, cort = cortical, Tb.Th = trabecular thickness, Tb.N = trabecular number, Tb.Sp = trabecular separation, Tb.SpSD = standard deviation of trabecular separation, HR-pQCT = high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and DXA = dual x-ray absorptiometry.

Fig. 1 Photograph showing the volar surface of the model with the distal radial fracture fragment displaced radially, showing the distal attachment of the tensioning straps.

Photograph showing a surgical procedure in which the flexor-pronator muscles were released before lengthening.

The experimental setup for measurement of friction between the tendon and proximal pulley. The weight was 500 g.

Complications associated with the fracture or management of the fracture and complications of delayed healing, by use of surgical intervention. Solid line box: complications associated with the fracture or management of the fracture; dotted line box: complications associated with fracture-healing.*One subject who had both radial and ulnar fractures was included in both the YES and the NO categories since only the radial fracture was treated surgically.

L-shaped posterior incision.