Number of reverse shoulder arthroplasties performed in New Zealand (New Zealand Joint Registry data).

Fig. 1-A The supraspinatus muscle-tendon-humerus interface after dissection. For orientation, the supraspinatus muscle is seen superiorly and the humerus is seen inferiorly. Fig. 1-B The supraspinatus muscle-tendon-humerus unit was embedded in a polyvinylchloride tube filled with polymethylmethacrylate. The supraspinatus tendon was glued to two pieces of sandpaper to increase the coefficient of friction at the tendon grip of the materials testing machine.

Figs. 1-A through 1-D Ultrasonographic scans of the shoulder. B = bicipital long head tendon, D = deltoid muscle, G = greater tuberosity, H = humerus, L = lesser tuberosity, S = synovitis. Fig. 1-A Ventral transverse ultrasonographic scan showing a normal bicipital long head tendon (arrow) within its tendon sheath in a bicipital groove. Fig. 1-B Ventral transverse scan showing bicipital tenosynovitis with target sign. Fig. 1-C Ventral transverse scan showing grade-2 hyperemia of bicipital tenosynovitis by means of power Doppler (with vessel signals in fewer than half of the area of the synovium). Fig. 1-D Ventral sagittal scan showing a longitudinal bicipital tendon with hypertrophic synovium.

Fig. 1 The U-shaped rotator cuff tear exhibits a long and wide pattern with increased medial-to-lateral length. The blue arrows indicate the width and length of the torn cuff.

Fig. 1 Scatterplot showing the relationship of the time elapsed between the index procedure and debridement to the degree of chondral damage (Outerbridge grade).

Kaplan-Meier survival estimates by prior history of glenohumeral instability at baseline for any instability event during the follow-up period.

Fig. 1-A Each bright square dot on the membrane corresponds to detection of a specific gene. The ICAM-1 gene was detected in the membranes of patients with adhesive capsulitis but not in the membranes of control patients. B2M = β₂-microglobulin (a housekeeping gene). Fig. 1-B The mean relative intensity of the ICAM-1 gene (in arbitrary units) was significantly elevated in the patients with adhesive capsulitis (0.12 ± 0.01) compared with the control patients (0.09 ± 0.00). The error bars indicate the standard deviation. *P < 0.05.

The Franklin grading system for loosening of keeled and pegged glenoid components. (Reproduced, with modification, from: Lazarus MD, Jensen KL, Southworth C, Matsen FA 3rd. The radiographic evaluation of keeled and pegged glenoid component insertion. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 Jul;84[7]:1174-82.)

Fig. 1 Scapular coordinate system and glenohumeral plane of elevation represented in a superior view, with arrows depicting the direction of the anterior and posterior planes. The neutral glenohumeral plane of elevation is determined by the lateral scapular axis (Z), defined as a line running through the angulus acromialis (junction of the posterior and lateral borders of the acromion) and the trigonum spinae scapulae (root of the spine of the scapula).

Flowchart demonstrating patient dropout between recruitment and the time of final follow-up.