RT Journal
A1 Bae, Donald S.
A1 Barnewolt, Carol E.
A1 Jennings, Russell W.
T1 Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Differences of the Hand and Upper Limb
JF The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
JO The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
YR 2009
FD July 1
VO 91
IS Supplement_4
SP 31
OP 39
DO 10.2106/JBJS.I.00072
UL http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.I.00072
AB 
Prenatal detection of congenital abnormalities is increasing, along with the evolving technology and widespread use of ultrasonography in prenatal screening. Musculoskeletal anomalies are noted during prenatal ultrasonography in approximately six of every 1000 pregnancies (0.6%), although approximately 1% to 2% of all newborns have some type of congenital difference and the musculoskeletal system is affected in 10% to 20% of these infants (0.1% to 0.4% of newborns)1,2. The prevalence of skeletal dysplasia is 2.4 per 10,000 live births (0.02%), and the prevalence of limb deficiency is 0.49 per 10,000 births (<0.01%)1,3-5.