RT Journal
A1 Yang, Yingzi
A1 Kozin, Scott H.
T1 Cell Signaling Regulation of Vertebrate Limb Growth and Patterning
JF The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
JO The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
YR 2009
FD July 1
VO 91
IS Supplement_4
SP 76
OP 80
DO 10.2106/JBJS.I.00079
UL http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.I.00079
AB 
Limb development is a well-coordinated three-dimensional process in which limb-bud outgrowth and patterning along the different axes of development are intimately linked through interactions of the signaling molecules that mediate the function of three key signaling centers. The vertebrate limb develops from a primordial embryonic limb bud, consisting of a homogeneous mesoderm core covered by an ectodermal jacket, and development of the limb bud is an autonomous process controlled by these signaling centers, which are formed through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. The major signaling centers in the limb each direct limb development along one of the three axes: proximodistal (from shoulder to digit tip), anteroposterior (from digit 1, or thumb, to digit 5, or small finger) and dorsoventral (from the dorsum to the palm of the hand) (Table I).