TY  - JOUR
T1  - Cell Signaling Regulation of Vertebrate Limb Growth and Patterning
AU  - Yang, Yingzi
AU  - Kozin, Scott H.
Y1  - 2009/07/01
N1  - 10.2106/JBJS.I.00079
JO  - The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery
SP  - 76
EP  - 80
VL  - 91
IS  - Supplement_4
N2  - 
Limb development is a well-coordinated three-dimensional process in which limb-bud outgrowth and patterning along the different axes of development are intimately linked through interactions of the signaling molecules that mediate the function of three key signaling centers. The vertebrate limb develops from a primordial embryonic limb bud, consisting of a homogeneous mesoderm core covered by an ectodermal jacket, and development of the limb bud is an autonomous process controlled by these signaling centers, which are formed through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. The major signaling centers in the limb each direct limb development along one of the three axes: proximodistal (from shoulder to digit tip), anteroposterior (from digit 1, or thumb, to digit 5, or small finger) and dorsoventral (from the dorsum to the palm of the hand) (Table I).

SN  - 0021-9355
M3  - doi: 10.2106/JBJS.I.00079
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.I.00079
ER  -